Solar wind
speed: 330.9 km/sec
density: 2.53 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0416 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: M3 1446 UT Dec30
24-hr: X1 0414 UT Dec30
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 1620 UT
Daily Sun: 30 Dec 24
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Sunspot 3936 has a delta-class magnetic field that poses a threat for X-class solar flares. Photo credit: Eliot Herman of Tucson AZ

more images: from California; from Poland; from Argentina; from Florida;

Note: On Nov. 26, 2024, a flood at Stanford University damaged a number of important SDO data servers. Repairs will not be completed until 2025. As a result, for the foreseeable future, Daily Sun images will be coming from readers of Spaceweather.com. Thank you, citizen scientists!

Sunspot number: 209
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 30 Dec 2024

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 30 Dec 2024

Thermosphere Climate Index
 today: 26.16x1010 W Hot
Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 29 Dec 2024

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 209 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 30 Dec 2024

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -9.4% Low
48-hr change: -0.2%
Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 30 Dec 2024 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1.67 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 2.67 quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 6.16 nT
Bz: -2.56 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0417 UT
Coronal Holes: 30 Dec 24

Solar wind flowing from this southern coronal hole should reach Earth on Jan. 3-4. Credit: NOAA/GOES-16 | more data

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On Dec. 30, 2024, the Arctic stratosphere is cold enough for Type II clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds (NLCs) is underway!. The first clouds were detected over Antarctica on Nov. 19, 2024. Here is the current NLC map from the NOAA 21 satellite.

noctilucent clouds
Updated: Dec. 27, 2024

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). In the daily map, above, each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2024 Dec 29 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
80 %
80 %
CLASS X
30 %
30 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2024 Dec 29 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
20 %
15 %
MINOR
05 %
35 %
SEVERE
01 %
50 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
01 %
MINOR
30 %
10 %
SEVERE
25 %
85 %
 
Monday, Dec. 30, 2024
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, but frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

GEOMAGNETIC STORM WATCH: Moderate (G2) to strong (G3) geomagnetic storms are possible on Dec. 31st when a CME is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field. The CME was hurled into space yesterday by the eruption of a magnetic filament connected to sunspot 3939. If a strong storm materializes, Northern Lights could descend to mid-latitudes in the USA and Europe. CME impact alerts: SMS Text

STRONG SOLAR ACTIVITY RESUMES (UPDATED): The quiet has broken. During the past 24 hours, sunspot 3936 has produced two X-class solar flares (X1.1 and X1.5) and a score of lesser M-flares. This morning's X1.5-class eruption (0414 UTC) was so strong it triggered a secondary blast in sunspot 3932 more than 200,000 km away:

This is actually a double X-flare. Both explosions pictured above crossed the X1 threshold. Extreme ultraviolet radiation from the flares ionized the top of Earth's atmosphere, causing a shortwave radio blackout approximately centered on Australia. Ham radio operators in the area may have lost signal below 20 MHz for as much as an hour around 0430 UTC. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text

Update: Today's X-flares did produce a CME, but it was faint and not Earth-directed. No geomagnetic storms will result from this activity.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

SUNGRAZING COMET ATLAS: Some writers are calling it "the brightest comet of 2025." Maybe. If Comet ATLAS (C/2024 G3) survives its brush with the sun next month, it could become very bright indeed. At the moment, it is barely visible in the morning sky of the southern hemisphere. Nick James of the British Astronomical Association photographed the comet on Dec. 28th using a remote-controled telescope in Chile:


Note: The lattice structure on the left is the edge of the observatory dome.

"This morning, the comet had a total magnitude of +6.0," says James. It was very low in the sky, but "the T70 telescope at X07 in Chile is able to get down to the mountain ridge horizon, which is around 4 degrees."

The fact that Comet ATLAS is hugging the morning horizon explains why so few astronomers are observing it. It is easily eclipsed by trees and hillsides.

Soon, however, the comet may attract much more attention. On Jan. 13th, it will be only 0.09 AU from the sun. Extreme heat could boost the comet's brightness to magnitude -3.5, almost as bright as Venus; or, it could be completely destroyed. Either way, Comet ATLAS is about to put on a show. SOHO coronagraphs will pick up the comet starting Jan. 11th. Stay tuned!

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

CHRISTMAS GIFTS FROM THE EDGE OF SPACE: Christmas is here! Are you looking for a far-out gift? Check out the Earth to Sky Store. It's filled with unique items that have flown to the edge of space onboard cosmic ray research balloons.

Carried aloft by giant helium balloons, these unique gifts have flown above 99.7% of Earth's atmosphere, experiencing space-like blasts of cosmic rays, extreme cold, and a wild ride parachuting back to Earth after the balloon explodes. Even Amazon doesn't carry items this far out.

Don't forget to enter coupon code "BLACKCAT" at checkout for a 10% holiday discount.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Dec 29, 2024, the network reported 7 fireballs.
(6 sporadics, 1 December Leonis Minorid)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On December 30, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2024 XN1
2024-Dec-24
18.8 LD
6.6
39
2024 YU6
2024-Dec-24
18.9 LD
10.1
18
2024 YP4
2024-Dec-25
19.6 LD
6.3
20
2024 YR4
2024-Dec-25
2.2 LD
13.8
60
2024 YD3
2024-Dec-25
10.9 LD
20.7
30
2024 YP
2024-Dec-25
2.6 LD
6.6
14
2024 YQ3
2024-Dec-25
0.3 LD
10.6
3
2024 YS6
2024-Dec-26
5.3 LD
9.1
24
2024 YF4
2024-Dec-26
3.2 LD
9.4
21
2024 YZ3
2024-Dec-26
8.4 LD
10.1
43
2024 YH
2024-Dec-26
9.6 LD
10.4
31
2024 YV4
2024-Dec-26
6.8 LD
8.3
14
2017 YD2
2024-Dec-27
18 LD
9.9
6
2024 YC1
2024-Dec-28
15.6 LD
9.2
51
2024 YQ2
2024-Dec-28
2.7 LD
16.2
25
2024 YA4
2024-Dec-28
6.6 LD
9.1
15
2024 YA5
2024-Dec-29
0.9 LD
16.4
9
2024 YB5
2024-Dec-29
2.9 LD
11.3
13
2024 YR6
2024-Dec-29
0.7 LD
6.7
4
2024 YB2
2024-Dec-30
11.4 LD
12
19
2024 YE4
2024-Dec-30
4.3 LD
13.1
11
2024 AV2
2024-Dec-31
6.7 LD
7.8
17
2024 YB3
2024-Dec-31
9.2 LD
18.1
33
2024 YS2
2024-Dec-31
1.3 LD
4.5
8
2024 YV3
2024-Dec-31
13.2 LD
12.9
20
2024 YY4
2025-Jan-01
4.4 LD
4
18
2024 XP10
2025-Jan-02
19.8 LD
8.4
39
2024 YL1
2025-Jan-03
6.2 LD
4.8
12
2021 AO4
2025-Jan-04
6.9 LD
15.1
11
2024 YU1
2025-Jan-04
5.9 LD
7.3
38
2024 YT3
2025-Jan-05
10.8 LD
7.1
18
2020 BC6
2025-Jan-05
9.6 LD
22.2
248
2024 YW3
2025-Jan-06
5.6 LD
12.3
37
2024 BM1
2025-Jan-08
11.5 LD
9.1
22
2024 PT5
2025-Jan-09
4.7 LD
1
12
2023 OS3
2025-Jan-09
19.9 LD
3.1
10
2024 YD5
2025-Jan-10
15 LD
7.2
21
2012 UK171
2025-Jan-11
10.7 LD
6.4
46
2022 EE6
2025-Jan-13
15.5 LD
8.7
45
2024 YX5
2025-Jan-14
11.6 LD
10.6
25
2023 OS
2025-Jan-15
16.6 LD
10.9
48
2022 CE2
2025-Jan-16
11.1 LD
13.3
120
2024 YF2
2025-Jan-17
4.4 LD
4.4
17
2022 OB5
2025-Jan-18
8.9 LD
1.4
6
2024 WY70
2025-Jan-18
16.5 LD
10.2
261
2024 YQ5
2025-Jan-19
17.6 LD
5
29
2024 YY5
2025-Jan-26
12.4 LD
2.4
14
2022 BX6
2025-Jan-28
19.7 LD
14.3
24
2015 DJ155
2025-Jan-31
18.6 LD
9.2
56
2018 RE3
2025-Feb-03
15.5 LD
11.1
12
2022 AV4
2025-Feb-03
16.9 LD
3.4
25
2002 CC14
2025-Feb-04
8.4 LD
12.7
39
2016 CO248
2025-Feb-07
13.5 LD
5.9
11
2020 GZ2
2025-Feb-07
17.7 LD
8.9
9
2022 PK1
2025-Feb-07
15 LD
11
33
2012 PB20
2025-Feb-09
3.5 LD
4.3
37
2004 XG
2025-Feb-16
15.6 LD
9.1
54
2024 UD26
2025-Feb-16
16.8 LD
9.3
250
2014 CE13
2025-Feb-18
15.2 LD
18.4
55
2022 DG2
2025-Feb-19
11.5 LD
10.4
7
2016 AX165
2025-Feb-20
14.9 LD
9.2
89
2015 BK509
2025-Feb-25
9.4 LD
14.6
119
2023 RW3
2025-Feb-25
7.4 LD
5.1
18
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

Spaceweather.com welcomes these supporters of science communication: RV Sales and Arizona Web Design & SEO and Dentist in Phoenix, AZand Commercial Cleaning Phoenix | Pest Control in Phoenix | HVAC repair in South Jersey | Dental implants New Jersey | Dental Implants New Jersey

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Got a chipped or cracked windshield that prevents you from seeing space weather events while driving? Get windshield replacement from SR Windows & Glass with free mobile auto glass service anywhere in the Phoenix area.
NASA Near Earth Asteroid Home Page

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T CrB NOVA WATCH
today: m=10.3 (Dec. 29.6)
yesterday: m=9.9
more: AAVSO data

Explanation: When the nova explodes, the visual magnitude of the star (m) will jump from +10 (invisible to the naked eye) to +2 (about as bright as the North Star).



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